| Rusyn | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| русиньскый язык, русинська бесіда rusyn'skyj yazyk, rusyn'ska besida | ||||
| Spoken in | Ukraine Slovakia Poland Hungary Romania Serbia Croatia Czech Republic |
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| Native speakers |
Estimated: At least 600,000.[1] |
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| Language family | ||||
| Official status | ||||
| Official language in |
Minority language: Croatia Romania Serbia Slovenia Ukraine |
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| Regulated by | No official regulation | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-3 | rue | |||
| Linguasphere | 53-AAA-ec < 53-AAA-e (varieties: 53-AAA-eca to 53-AAA-ecc) |
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Rusyn (Rusyn: русинська бесіда or русиньскый язык[10]), also known in English as Ruthenian, is an East Slavic language variety spoken by the Rusyns of Central Europe. Some linguists treat it as a distinct language[11] and it has its own ISO 639-3 code; others treat it as a dialect of Ukrainian.[12] Each categorisation has controversial political implications.
Contents |
Rusyn (and more specifically Carpatho-Rusyn) is the vernacular spoken in the Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine, in northeastern Slovakia, southeastern Poland (where it is often described as łemkowski 'Lemko', from their characteristic word лем / lem 'only', or Lyshak) and Hungary (where the people and language are called Ruten).
The first scholars to recognize the existence of Rusyn as a separate language falls to the former Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies of the USSR in Moscow in 1992 (now the Institute of Slavonic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences) which also prepared the first scholars to study this phenomena[13] These studies were financially supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Ukrainian scholars and politicians do not recognise Rusyns as a separate ethnicity, despite the fact that some Rusyn speakers prefer to consider themselves as ethnically distinct from Ukrainians. Ukrainian linguists consider Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian, related to the Hutsul dialect in the neighbouring Carpathian region of Ukraine.
The Stratfor centre for the analysis and study of Geopolitics states that the support of Rusyn separatism will lead to the political disintegration of Ukraine in order to return it to the control of the Kremlin. [14]
Attempts to standardise the various variants of Rusyn have been unsuccessful. Rusyns live in four countries, and efforts are hampered because Rusyns living outside the traditional home region often do not speak the language fluently. Different orthographies have been developed (in most cases using variants of the Cyrillic script) and a number of different grammatical standards[15] exist, based on regional dialects.
The major cultural centres of Carpatho-Rusyns are located in Prešov in Slovakia,[16] Uzhhorod and Mukacheve in Ukraine, Krynica[17] and Legnica[18] in Poland, Ruski Krstur in Vojvodina[19] and Budapest in Hungary. There are many Rusyns living in Canada, the USA, and South America.
It is not possible to make an accurate estimate of the number of fluent speakers of Rusyn, however their number is estimated at almost a million, primarily living in Ukraine and Slovakia.
Serbia has recognized Rusyn, more precisely Pannonian Rusyn in Vojvodina, as an official minority language.[20] Since 1995, Rusyn has been recognized as a minority language in Slovakia, enjoying the status of official language in municipalities where more than 20 percent of the inhabitants speak Rusyn.[21]
Rusyn is listed as a protected language by European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia and Romania.
Early grammars include Dmytrij Vyslockij's (Дмитрий Вислоцкий) Карпаторусский букварь (Karpatorusskij bukvar') Vanja Hunjanky (1931)[22] and Metodyj Trochanovskij's Буквар. Перша книжечка для народных школ. (Bukvar. Perša knyžečka dlja narodnŷch škol.) (1935).[23][24]
The Rusyn language is one of the newest Slavic literary languages,[25] and was codified in Slovakia in 1995.
The Carpatho Rusyn language can be divided as follows:
| Name | Language area | Annotation |
|---|---|---|
| Hutsul | In the mountainous part of Suceava County and Maramures County in Romania and the extreme southern parts of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province) of Ukraine (as well as in parts of the Chernivtsi and Transcarpathian Oblasts), and on the northern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains. | |
| Boyko | Northern side of the Carpathian Mountains in the Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblasts of Ukraine. It can also be heard across the border in the Subcarpathian Voivodship (province) of Poland | |
| Lemko | Outside Ukraine in the Prešov Region of Slovakia along the southern side of the Carpathian Mountains. It was formerly spoken on the northern side of the same mountains, in what is now southeastern Poland, prior to Operation Vistula - now used in several diaspora communities scattered in northern Poland | Being revived; in Poland it has the status of an ethnic minority language. A newspaper, Karpatska Rus' has been published in this dialect since 1939. |
| Dolinian Rusyn | Transcarpathian Oblast of Ukraine. | |
| Subcarpathian Rusyn | ||
| Pryashiv Rusyn | The Prešov Region (in Rusyn: "Пряшів" Pryashiv) of Slovakia, as well as by some émigré communities, primarily in the United States of America. | |
| Pannonian Rusyn | Northwestern Serbia and eastern Croatia | One of the official languages of the Serbian Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. |
| Bačka |
Boiko, Hutsul, Lemko and Dolinian are identified (and for the same speakers) as Ukrainian dialects since most of their speakers identify themselves as Ukrainians.
| Capital | Small | Name | Translit. | Pronunciation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А | а | a | a | /a/ | |
| Б | б | бы | b | /b/ | |
| В | в | вы | v | /v/ | |
| Г | г | гы | h | /ɦ/ | |
| Ґ | ґ | ґы | g | /ɡ/ | |
| Д | д | ды | d | /d/ | |
| Е | е | e | e | /e/ | |
| Є | є | є | je | /je/ | |
| Ё | ё | ё | jo | /jo/ | not present in Pannonian Rusyn |
| Ж | ж | жы | ž | /ʒ/ | |
| З | з | зы | z | /z/ | |
| И | и | и | y | /ɪ/ | |
| І | і | i | i | /i/ | not present in Pannonian Rusyn |
| Ы | ы | ы | y | /ɨ/ | |
| Ї | ї | ї | ji | /ji/ | |
| Й | й | йы | j | /j/ | |
| К | к | кы | k | /k/ | |
| Л | л | лы | l | /l/ | |
| М | м | мы | m | /m/ | |
| Н | н | ны | n | /n/ | |
| О | о | o | o | /o/ | |
| П | п | пы | p | /p/ | |
| Р | р | ры | r | /r/ | |
| С | с | сы | s | /s/ | |
| Т | т | ты | t | /t/ | |
| У | у | у | u | /u/ | |
| Ф | ф | фы | f | /f/ | |
| Х | х | хы | x, ch | /x/ | |
| Ц | ц | цы | c | /ts/ | |
| Ч | ч | чы | č | /t͡ʃ/ | |
| Ш | ш | шы | š | /ʃ/ | |
| Щ | щ | щы | šč | /ʃt͡ʃ/ | |
| Ѣ | ѣ | їть | /ji/, /i/ | Used before World War II | |
| Ю | ю | ю | ju | /ju/ | |
| Я | я | я | ja | /ja/ | |
| Ь | ь | мнягкый знак (ірь) | ′ | /ʲ/ | marks preceding consonant's palatalization |
| Ъ | ъ | твердый знак (ір) | ′ | not present in Pannonian Rusyn |
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